This study investigates the correlations between Taiwan’s maximum temperature (TW tmax) and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
variability. Using the Niño3.4 index, Niño4 index, and Oceanic Niño Index, we analyzed the correlations between the two for both annual mean and seasonal means. The results show El Niño has stronger effects on the increase of the TW tmax in winter, especially over the northern regions and Yunlin. Of particular significance is the robust emergence of a positive anomaly in Sea Level Pressure (SLP), alongside diminished precipitation and intensified northeasterly winds during winter. These patterns align coherently with a reduction in rainfall and the Foehn winds to the west plains, potentially serving as contributing factors to the observed warm anomalies during the winter months.

ENSO, Temperature in Taiwan, Niño3.4 index

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This research investigates the association between the summer temperature in Taiwan ( and the Pacific Meridional Mode (the PMM), an anomalous north south sea surface temperature gradient over the northeastern subtropical Pacific It was found that when the PMM was in a positive ( phase, the summer temperature in Taiwan significantly increased ( on a decadal timescale The zonal circulation in the sub tropical north Pacific and the subsidence in
Taiwan were the physical mechanism in the linkage Besides, During the PMM positive phase, the frequency and duration of heat wave events become higher and longer This linkage is expected to be provide heatwave exposure evaluation and so to develop adaption strategy.

Decadal Variability, PMM, Heatwaves, Heatwaves Exposure

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